I.
Big
Picture
A.
1850
on…there was a general improvement working conditions and real wages.
B.
Thus,
the standard of living generally improved too.
II.
City
Life
A.
old
cities before industrialism – they were centers of commerce & gov’t; congested and dirty; they were “walking cities” in
size
B.
steam
engine moves factories to cities; British numbers shoot up; 100% land use in
cities: unsanitary conditions resulted; worse, they didn’t know what to do to
fix problems
III.
Changes
A.
Clean
up
1.
Edwin Chadwick was a health
reformer. He figured disease/death caused poverty because sick workers were
poor workers…the solution was to clean things up.
2.
Benthamite – Chadwick was a
follower of Jeremy Bentham, an
economist, who argued action for the greater common good—helping as many people
as possible in the greatest possible way.
3.
Chadwick
collected data that correlated dirtiness with sickness.
4.
He
argued for pipes to haul away sewage.
5.
Britain
thus passed its 1st health law; they started a national health
board.
B.
Causes
of disease
1.
old view – “miasmatic theory”—disease
from bad odors of decay etc.
2.
new
view – “germ theory” thanks to Louis
Pasteur…heat would kill or stifle the germs
3.
Robert Koch – identified germ
after germ
4.
Joseph Lister – was a proponent
of antiseptics (Listerine); diseases wane such as diptheria,
typhoid, typhus, cholera, yellow fever (see graph p.791)
C.
Urban
Planning
1.
France
was first led by Georges Haussman who wanted to fix old France with its narrow
streets, few parks, stifling atmosphere.
2.
He
made broad boulevards, was a slum buster, improved sewers and water.
3.
Others
follow with the same, town halls, theaters, opera houses, museums, zoning
boards
4.
Horse-drawn
carriages expand walking city.
5.
The
electric streetcar really expands the city, offers weekend getaways