I.
Modern
Authoritarianism
A.
Conservative
brand
1.
simply
desired to prevent changes; mostly emerged in Eastern Europe
2.
as
in old days, their tools: bureaucracy, police, army
3.
why?
(1) no strong self-government tradition
(2) ethnic conflicts (3)
landowners and church sought to solidify holdings
B.
Totalitarianism
brand
1.
Total
control over people’s lives at expense of personal liberty
2.
Began
during WWI and held #1 objective of VICTORY
3.
Lenin’s
lesson: motivated minority can oust apathetic majority
4.
Control
of: politics, economics, social, intellectual, cultural aspects
5.
championed
submission of individual to the state (shunned individualism)
6.
always
had a mission/revolution/goal/enemy/ on the move
7.
Russia
on left; Germany on the right
8.
Characteristics
of Nazi Germany
a.
expansionist
nationalism
b.
anti-socialist
and anti-communist
c.
willing
to work with business/capitalist if they serve state needs
d.
aggressive
leader
e.
glorified
military, war, and victory
II.
Soviet
Union under Stalin
A.
1921
Bolsheviks won civil war; land is war-torn
B.
Lenin
starts NEP (New Economic Policy) – limited capitalism for agriculture and
industry; Effects: (1) got peasants on bandwagon (2) brought economic recovery
C.
Lenin
dies in 1924 – party struggle for power ensues
1.
Leon
Trotsky is better leader and Red Army hero
2.
However,
Josef Stalin is better party manipulator
3.
Stalin
gets internal communist party allies, manipulated people to gain support within
the party
4.
opted
for Russian only communism, ridded the NEP
D.
Five-Year
Plans
1.
goals
focus on huge increase in heavy industry and ag
2.
the
fundamental method: exploit the peasantry and funnel $ into industry
3.
peasants
private land was collectivized through iron and blood (10mil)
4.
agriculture goal – not
particularly successful (22% on only 4%)
5.
industrial
goal – successful; massive 1/3 investment, urban migration, total control on
the cutting edge; propaganda certainly helped
6.
terror
machine – Stalin grows suspicious and orders killings, replaces bureaucracy
with communist yuppies