I.
“Dual Revolution”
A.
Industrial
Revolution in England
B.
French
Revolution
II.
Balancing
Peace
A.
Congress
of Vienna – what to do after French Revolution chaos? The conservatives
regain power; Metternich, balance
of power is of much concern
B.
Quadruple
Alliance mostly concerned with balance of power so no one dominates
1.
Britain
got some colonial land
2.
Austria
got northern Italy
3.
Prussia
and Russia wanted Saxony and Poland; argue; compromise
C.
Low
countries united
D.
France
wound up with more land; France helped settle Prussia/Russia deal
E.
“Holy
Alliance”- Austria/Prussia/Russia unite to oppose liberal ideals
F.
German
Confederation – broken into 38 parts; Carlsbad Decrees to spy and squelch
liberals
III.
Ideologies
and “isms”
1.
desire
to keep institutions as they are (conserve them); favors monarchy, bureaucracy,
aristocracy, subservient commoners
2.
believed
radical new ideas only cause war and chaos
3.
against
self-determinism (the people’s choice) because Metternich (conservative leader)
was Austrian which had many groups
B.
Liberalism (this is Classical
liberalism, not liberalism of today)
1.
stressed
representative government, equality, individual freedom (speech, press, etc),
laissez-faire capitalism
2.
associated
with business interests as factory owners argued they should have their way
with workers
3.
“Liberals”
favored voting with a qualification (property)
4.
radicals
stressed more universal voting rights (Andrew Jackson stuff)
5.
Liberal
today vs. “classical liberalism”
1.
feeling
of unity (solidarity) between a people and the desire to formulate their own
nation and government
2.
perceived cultural unity –
common language, history, territory. Might have more perception than reality
3.
nationalism
hot-spots (Austria-Hungary and also the Balkan peninsula)
4.
why did it form? Industrial society
encouraged uniform language, patriotic holidays, liberal ideals of “power to
the people” supposedly gave them authority
5.
We-they
ideas – easy to add sense of mission and sense of superiority
D.
Socialism (we call it communism)
1.
Belief
that government should regulate the economy
2.
saw
laissez-faire capitalism as splitting up society due to competition
3.
said
government should plan economy, create economic equality, regulate property
4.
France
first
a.
Henri
de Saint-Simon – “parasites” and “doers”; said doers should regulate parasites
who had held the upper hand previously
b.
Charles
Fourier – mathematical socialist utopia; total emancipation of women, no
marriage, free sex
c.
Louis
Blanc – universal voting rights; government workshops to ensure full employment
d.
Pierre
Joseph Proudhon – What Is Property? It’s profit stolen from the workers! Worker was source of value; anarchist.
5.
Skilled
artisans began to dislike laissez-faire and lamented loss of control (guilds,
price controls)
6. Karl Marx
a.
Along
with Friedrich Engels, wrote The
Communist Manifesto which ends with “Workers of the world, UNITE!”
b.
Emancipate
women, atheist
c.
Class
struggle! Bourgeoisie vs. proletariat; predicted an overthrow by proletariat
d.
Like
David Ricardo (and Proudhon), said workers created value and that profits were
stolen from workers
e.
Called
for the culmination of history – old way feudalism gave way to its “opposite”
of laissez-faire capitalism which will give way to communism after the workers
revolt