APE

 

I.             France

A.    1871 – loss to Prussia

B.    Paris Commune (radical) seek to oust conservative power; crushed by more conservative groups

C.    Third Republic – moderate – neither radical (Paris Commune) or too far towards monarchy

D.   Parliament wins – absolute supremacy

E.    Other gains

1.    trade unions legal

2.    colonial empire

3.    free compulsory education (secular) (teachers marry)

F.    Dreyfus Affair led to church-state split

II.           England

A.    Peaceful “growing up” of nation and democracy

B.    2 party system

C.    Voting extended to “solid middle class” males, 1832

D.   Extended further to more middle class folks, 1867

E.    John Stuart Mill –  On Liberty – balancing minority rights with majority rule

F.    Third Reform Bill 1884 – essentially, universal male suffrage

G.   People’s Budget – supposed to increase spending on welfare services

1.    raise taxes on the rich (David Lloyd George)

2.    health insurance, unemployment, pensions, social programs

H.    Irish problem

1.    Prime Minister William Gladstone wants to “pacify” Ireland – home rule bill

2.    But…northern/southern Ireland differences get in the way

III.          Austro-Hungarian Empire

A.    Bottom line – nationalism splits it, rather than unifies it

B.    Hungary vies for independence, 1849, savagely crushed, ruled over

C.    Loss to Prussia  forces “dual monarchy” – divided empire, shared monarch and ministers (finance, defense, foreign affairs)

D.   Austria – Germans struggle to keep their top seat over other ethnicities

E.    Hungary – Magyar nobility assert power (only 1/4 wealthiest vote)

F.    Resent results in both areas

IV.          Jewish Emancipation

A.    1871 – anti-Semitism seemed old, passing by

B.    1873 – it’s back, due to…

C.    Karl Lueger – “Christian socialists” combine anti-Semitism with socialism

D.   Theodor Herzl – 1st German nationalist; 2nd Zionist

V.            Marxism

A.    international communism – International Working Man’s Association

B.    Every three years met: May Day

C.    Revisionism of Marx – slow it down! Pushed for gradual changes rather than revolution

D.   Main weapon – unions and collective bargaining

 

 

2002 Essay Question #7

Compare and contrast the foreign policy goals and achievements of Metternich and Bismarck between 1826 and 1890.